Roztwory do analizy org i nieorg

Archiwum

Moje najwiÄksze skarby i opowieĹci prosto z mojego

Znalazłam kolejna listę z przepisami na roztwory stosowane w analizie organicznej i nieorganicznej, ta lista chyba jest bogatsza

General reagents

Ammonium acetate: Dissolve 231 g of the salt in 1 liter of water (3 M)
Ammonium carbonate: The commercial salt is a mixture of bicarbonate and carbamate. Dissolve 192 g of the salt in a mixture of 140 ml conc. ammonia solution and water to make up 1 liter of solution (2 M)
Ammonium chloride: dissolve 169 g of the salt in 1 liter of solution (3 M).
Ammonium nitrate: dissolve 80 g of the salt in 1 liter of water (1 M)
Ammonium oxalate: dissolve 71 g of the crystaline salt in 1 liter of water (0.5 M)
Ammonium sulphate: dissolve 132 g of the salt in 1 liter of water (1 M)
Ammonium thiocyanate: Dissolve 38 g of the salt in 1 liter of water (0.5 M)
Barium chloride: dissolve 61 g of the salt in 1liter of water (0.25 M)
Bromine water: a saturated aqueous solution is prepared by shaking 35 g or 11 ml liquid bromine with water. Add more bromine if necessary to a slight excess.
Calcium chloride: dissolve 55 g of the hydrated salt in 1 liter of water (0.25 M)
Calcium sulphate: shake 3 g of the salt with 1 liter of water, filter and decant the saturated solution after several hours (0.015 M)
Chlorine water: saturate 250 ml of water with chlorine. The chlorine may be prepared by dropping conc. HCl upon KmnO4. Preserve in a dark coloured bottle (6.8 g/l)
Cobalt nitrate: dissolve 44 g of the salt in 1 liter of water (0.15 M)
Copper sulphate: dissolve 125 g of the salt in 1 liter of water containing 3 ml of conc. sulphuric acid (0.5 M)
Ferric chloride: dissolve 135 g of the hydrated salt in 1 liter of water containing 20 ml of conc. HCl (0.5 M)
Ferrous sulphate: dissolve 140 g of the salt in 1 liter of water containing 7 ml of conc. sulphuric acid (0.5 M)
Hydrogen sulphide: H2S generated from a Kipps apparatus ( ~42 g/l)
Iodine solution: dissolve 12.7 g of iodine in a solution of 20 g of pure KI in 30 ml of water, and dilute to 1 liter with water (0.05 M)
Lead acetate: dissolve 95 g of the salt in 1 liter of water (0.25 M)
Magnesium sulphate: dissolve 62 g of the salt in 1 liter of water (0.25 M)
Magneson [4-(4-nitrophenylazo)resorcinol]: 0.001 % in 1 M NaOH
Mercuric chloride: dissolve 27 g of the salt in 1 liter of water (0.1M)
Potassium chromate : dissolve 49 g of the salt in 1 liter of water (0.25 M)
Potassium ferricyanide: dissolve 55 g of the salt in 1 liter of water (0.25 M)
[b]Potassium ferrocyanide: dissolve 53 g of the salt in 1 liter of water (0.125 M)
Potassium iodide: dissolve 83 g of the salt in 1 liter of water (0.5 M)
Potassium permanganate: dissolve 3.2g of the salt in hot water, dilute to 1 liter, and filter through glass wool (0.01 M)
Potassium thiocyanate: dissolve 49 g of the salt in 1 liter of water (0.25 M)
Silver nitrate: dissolve 17 g of the salt in 1 liter of water (0.1 M)
Silver sulphate: dissolve 8 g of the salt in 1 liter of water. This is nearly a saturated solution (0.025 M)
Sodium acetate: dissolve 408 g of the crystaline salt in 1 liter of water (3 M)
Sodium carbonate: dissolve 430 g of the crystaline salt in 1 liter of water (1.5 M)
Disodium hydrogen phosphate: dissolve 120 g of the salt in 1 liter of water (0.34 M)
Stannous chloride: dissolve with heat 56 g of the salt in 100 ml conc. HCl and dilute to 1 liter. Keep a few pieces of granulated zinc in the stored solution to avoid oxidation. (0.25 M)
Thiourea: 10 g in 100 ml of water (10 %)
Titan yellow: dissolve 1 g in 100 ml of water (1 %)
Zinc nitrate: dissolve 150 g of the salt in 1 liter of water (0.5 M)

SPECIAL REAGENTS

A
Aluminon: Use a 0.1 % aqueous solution.
Alizarin: Make a saturated solution in ethanol.
Alizarin-S: Sodium alizarin sulphate. Use a 0.1 % aqueous solution.
1-Amino-1-Naphthol-4-sulfonic acid: Dissolve 0.2 g in 195 ml of sodium bisulphite solution (3 in 20) and 5 ml of anhydrous sodium sulphite solution (1 in 5) and filter if necessary. Stopper and store in a cool dark place. Use within 10 days.
Ammoniacal silver nitrate: Add conc ammonia to bench silver nitrate (0.1 M) until the initially formed precipitation just disappears.
Ammonium citrate, lead free: Dissolve 40 g of citric acid in 100 ml of water and make alkaline to phenol red with ammonium hydroxide. Remove lead by shaking with small portions of dithizone extraction solution in chloroform until the dithizone solution retains its original green color. Discard the extraction solution.
Ammonium mercurithiocyanate: Dissolve 9 g of ammonium thiocyanate and 8 g of mercuric chloride in 100 ml of watwer.
Ammonium metavanadate: Dissolve 2.5 g of NH4VO3 in 500 ml of boiling water, cool, and add 20 ml of nitric acid. Dilute to 1 liter and store in polythene bottle.
Ammonium molybdate reagent: Method A: Dissolve 45 g of the commercial salt or 40 g of pure molybdenum trioxidein a mixture of 70 ml of concentrated ammonia solution and 140 ml of water; when solution is complete, add it very slowly and with vigorous stirring to a mixture of 250 ml of concentrated nitric acid and 500 ml of water, and dilute to 1 litre. Allow to stand 1 to 2 days and decant and use the clear solution.
Ammonium molybdate reagent: Method B: Dissolve 45 g of pure commercial ammonium molybdate in mixture of 40 ml concentrated ammonia solution and 60 ml of water, add 120 g of ammonium nitrate and dilute to a litre with water.
Note: The alkaline solution of ammonium molybdate keeps better than the nitric acid solution; there is little tendency for the separation of solid. Before using the alkaline solution, it is important that the test solution contains a slight excess of nitric acid.
Ammoniacal silver nitrate: Add ammonia dropwise to a 1 in 20 solution of silver nitrate until the precipitatio that first forms is almost, but not entirely, dissolved. Filter and store in dark bottle. Forms explosive compounds on standing! Prepare fresh.
Ammonium sulfanilate: To 2.5 g of sulfanilic acid add 15 ml water and 3 ml ammonia and mix. If necessary add more ammonia until the the acid dissolves. Adjust the pH to 4.5 with dilute HCl and dilute to 25 ml.
Amylase: To 0.2 g of amylase crystal, add 100 ml water, shake well and filter. Prepare fresh.
Anthranilic acid: Dissolve 0.5 g in 100 ml ethanol.
Anthrone: Dissolve about 0.1 g in 100 ml sulphuric acid. Prepare fresh.
Aqua Regia: Mix one part by volume of conc. nitric acid with three (3) parts by volume of conc. hydrochloric acid in a pyrex beaker and allow to stand until a bright red color develops.

B
Barfoed's reagent : Dissolve 13.3 g of crystalised neutral copper acetate in 200 ml of 1 % acetic acid solution. This reagent does not keep well.
Brady's reagent (2,4 DNPH): Dissolve 40 g of 2, 4 dinitrophenylhydrazine in 80 ml conc. sulphuric acid. Cool and add 900 ml methanol and 100 ml water.
Benedicts solution (qualitative): Dissolve 86.5 g of sodium citrate and 50 g of anhydred sodium carbonate in about 350 ml of water. Filter if necessary. Add a solution of 8.6 g of copper sulphate in 50 ml of water with constant stirring. Dilute to 500 ml. The resulting solution should be perfectly clear; if not, filter through a fluted filter paper.
Benedicts solution (quantitative): Dissolve 200 g sodium citrate, 75 g sodium carbonate and 125 g potassium thiocynate in about 600 ml water. Dissolve separately, 18 g copper (II) sulphate in 100 ml water. When the solutions have cooled, mix them together with stirring. Now add 5 ml of a 5% potassium ferrocyanide to the solution, and make up to 1 liter.
Benzidine: Dissolve 50 g in 10 ml glacial acetic acid, dilute to 100 ml with water and mix. Caution: Toxic!).
Benzidine: Dissolve 1 g in 10 ml acetic acid and dilute to 100 ml with water.
2,2-bipyridine : Dissolve 0.100 g in 50 ml purified absolute ethanol.
Biuret reagent(qualitative): Take enough urea to cover the bottom of a test tube. Heat very gently , until the liquid which forms resolidifies. This white solid is biuret. Dissolve the biuret in about 2 ml water, and use this solution for the biuret test.
And: Soln. A: 0.1 M sodium hydroxide; Soln. B: 0.01 M copper (II) sulphate solution. Add soln. A first to sample, then add B. Pink or purple color confirms protein.
Biuret reagent (quantitative): Dissolve in order, 3 g copper (II) sulphate, 5 g potassium iodide, 9 g potassium sodium tartrate, and 8 g sodium hydroxide in about 600 ml water. Make up the dissolved solids to 1 liter solution.
Brucine sulphate: Boil a 2 : 1 mixture of conc. sulphuric acid : water to remove nitrates, cool , and dissolve into it 0.6 g of brucine sulphate and dilute to 1 liter.

C
Carr-Price reagent: Weigh an unopened bottle of antimony trichloride. Open the bottle and empty the contents into a wide mouth glassstoppered amber bottle containing about 100 ml of chloroform. By difference, obtain the weight of antimony trichloride and then add sufficient chloroform to supply 100 ml for each 25 g. Dissolve by warming or shaking for several hours and filter through sodium sulphate into a dry clean amber bottle with ground stopper. Store at room temperature and keep in dark when not in use. Rinse all glassware coming into contact with this reagent wit chloroform or a mixture of ethanol and ether, since the antimony oxychloride which forms is insoluble in water.
Cacotheline = a-nitroso-b-naphthol reagent: Dissolve 0.25 g in 100 ml of water.
Cadion 2B reagent = 4-nitronaphthalene-diazamino-azobenzene: Dissolve 0.25 g in 100 ml of water.
Chloroplatinic acid: Dissolve 2.7 g in 10 ml of water.
Chromic acid: Weigh out 10 g of sodium dichromate crystals, make it into a slurry with a few ml of water, then dissolve in 250 ml conc. sulphuric acid with stirring and cooling (ice-bath), to give a thick syrupy dark brown mixture (very corrosive!).
Chromotrope 2B: Use a 0.005 % in conc. sulphuric acid.
Chromotropic acid: Dissolve 1g of 4,5-dihydroxy-2,7-naphthalenedisulfonic acid in 100 ml water.
Cincholine: Dissolve 1 g in 100 ml hot water containing a few drops of nitric acid, cool, and add 2 g of KI.
Cobalt-uranyl acetate: Dissolve with warming, 40 g of uranyl acetate in a mixture of 30 ml acetic acid and 470 ml water. Similarly, prepare a solution containing 200 g of cobaltous acetate in a mixture of 30 ml acetic acid and 470 ml water. Mix the two solutions while still warm, cool to room temperature to separate salts from the solution and filter.
Cupferon: Dissolve 5 g in 100 ml solution (5 %). Does not keep. Add about 1 g of ammonium carbonate to stock to enhance stability.
Cupron: Dissolve 5 g of a-benzoin oxime in 100 ml ethanol.

D
Deniges reagent: Dissolve 5 g of yellow mercuric oxide (HgO) in a mixture of 40 ml of water and while stirring slowly add 20 ml of sulphuric acid, then add another 40 ml of water, and stir until complety dissolved (<0.5 N)
Dimethyl glyoxime: Dissolve 1 g of the solid in 100 ml of 95 % ethyl alcohol.
N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine. Method a: Measure and pour into a 250 ml beaker 89 ml of distilled water. Stir on a magnetic stirrer. Carefully add 15 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid. Add and dissolve 1.0 g N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine sulfate. Add 5 g of Florisil and stir the mixture until all is absorbed. Allow the adsorbant to settle and decant the supernatant solution.
N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine. Method ba: Add 200 ml sulphuric acid to 700 ml water, cool, and add 1 g of N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine (p-aminodimethylaniline) and dilute ti 1 liter.
Dinitro-p-diphenylcarbazide: Dissolve 0.1 g in 100 ml ethanol
Diphenylcarbazide: Use a saturated ethanolic solution; or dissolve 0.125 g in a mixture of 25 ml acetone 25 ml water; or dissolve 0.2 g in 10 ml acetic acid and dilute to 100 ml with methanol
Diphenylcarbazone: Dissolve an approximately 1% solution in ethanol.
Dipicrylamine: Dissolve 0.2g in 20 ml of 0.1M sodium carbonate solution, boil, cool, then filter.
Dipridyl reagent: Dissolve 0.1 g in 0.5 ml ethanol or in 0.1 M HCl
Dithiol reagent = 4-methyl-1:2 dimercarpo-benzene: Dissolve 0.2 g in 100 ml of 1 % NaOH
Dithizone solution: Dissolve 30 mg (milligram) of dithizone in 1 liter chloroform, add 5 ml alcohol, and store in refrigerator.
Dragendorff reagent: Solution 1: dissolve 0.85 g of basic bismuth nitrate in 10 ml acetic acid and 40 ml water. Solution 2: dissolve 8 g of potassium iodide in 20 ml water. Mix 5 ml of Solution 1; 5 ml of Solution 2; 20 ml of acetic acid; and 100 ml of water before use.

E
Ethylenediamine reagent: Add copper sulphate to a solution of ethylenediamine until the color becomes dark-blue violet
p-Ethoxychrysoidin: Dissolve 50 g in a mixture of 25 ml water and 25 ml ethanol, add 3 drops hydrochloric acid, stirr vigorously, and filter if necessary to obtain a clear solution.

F
Fehlings solution: Solution A; Dissolve 34.6 g of pure copper sulphate in distilled water and dilute to 500 ml (blue). Solution B: Dissolve 173 g of sodium potassium tartrate and 30 g of pure sodium hydroxide in water and dilute to 500 ml. Alternately, dissolve 121 g of pure sodium hydroxide and 93.1 g of pure tartaric acid in water, then dilute the solution to 500 ml (colourless). Mix equal volumes of solutions A and B immediately before use, and then use as the reagent.
Ferric thiocyanate reagent: Dissolve 1.5 g of ferric chloride and 2.0 g of potassium thiocyanate in 100 ml water.
Ferron reagent = 7-iodo-8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulphonic acid: Dissolve 0.2 g in 100 ml water
Fluorescein: Make a saturated solution in 50 % ethanol.
Formaldehyde: Dilute the commercial 40 % solution (1 part) with water (7 parts)
Fuchsin solution: Dissolve 0.15 g of fuchsin in 100 ml. water.
Furil-dioxime reagent: Dissolve 10 g in 100 ml ethanol.

H
Hydrazine sulphate: Dissolve 2 g in 100 ml water.
Hydrogen peroxide: Use the commercial 10 volume (3 %) or 20 volume 6 %) solution.
Hydroxylamine hydrochloride: Dissolve 10 g in 100 ml water.
8-Hydroxyquinoline: Use a 5 % solution in ethanol.

I
Indigo solution: Gently warm 1 g of indigo with 12 ml of concentrated sulphuric acid, allow to stand for 48 h and pour into 240 ml of water. Filter if necessary.
Indole: Dissolve 0.15 g in 100 ml ethanol
Iodine reagent: Dissolve 20 g KI and 10 g iodine crystals in 100 ml water.

J
Jones reagent: Mix 25 g of chromium trioxide (chromic anhydride CrO3) with conc. sulphuric acid to a paste, then dilute with water to 75 ml

K
Karl Fisher Reagent: Dissolve 762 g of iodine in 2,420 ml of pyridine in a 10 liter glass stoppered bottle, and add 6 liters of methanol. To prepare the active stock, add 3 liter of the foregoing stock to a 4 liter bottle, cool in ice bath. Add carefully 135 ml of liquid sulfur dioxide, collected in a calibrated cold trap, and stopper the bottle. Shake the mixture until homogeneous, and set aside for one or two days before use.

M
Magnesia mixture: Dissolve 100 g of magnesium chloride and 100 g of ammonium chloride in water, add 50 ml of concentrated ammonia solution and dilute to 1 litre with distilled water.
Magnesium nitrate reagent: Dissolve 130 g of magnesium nitrate and 200 g of ammonium nitrate in water, add 15 - 20 ml concentrated ammonia solution and dilute to 1 litre.
Magneson 1 = para-nitrobenzene-azo-resorcinol: Use a 0.001 % in 1 M sodium hydroxide.
Magneson 11 = para-nitrobenzene-azo a-naphthol: Use a 0.001 % in 1 M sodium hydroxide.
Malachite green: A 1 % solution of malachite green oxalate in glacial acetic acid.
Manganese sulphate: Dissolve 90 g manganese sulphate in 200 ml water, 175 ml phosphoric acid and 350 ml of diluted sulphuric acid (1 in 2). Add water to make up 1 liter.
Mayer's reagent = Mercuric-Potassium Iodide: Dissolve 1.358 g of mercuric chloride in 60 ml water. Dissolve 5 g of potassium iodide in 10 ml water. Mix the two solutions and add water to make 100 ml.
4-(methylamino)phenol sulphate: Dissolve 2 g in 10 ml water. To 10 ml of this solution add 90 ml of water and 20 g of sodium bisulfite.
Millon's reagent: Warm one globule of Mercury with concentrated nitric acid and dilute the solution with twice its volume of water.
Molisch's reagent: 20 % soln. in naphthol. Dissolve 20 g of 1-naphthol in 100 ml ethanol.
Murexide: Add 0.4 g of murexide to 40 g of powdered potassium sulphate, and grind in glass mortar to a homogeneous mixture.

N
Naphthalenediol: Dissolve 0.1 g of 2,7-dihydroxynaphthalene in 1 liter sulphuric acid and allow the solution to stand in the dark until the yellow color has diappeared (at least 18 h)
1-Naphthol: Dissolve 1 g of 1-naphthol in 25 ml methanol. Prepare fresh.
alpha-Naphtholbenzein : A 1% solution in benzol.
a-Naphthalamine: Boil 0.3 g in 70 ml water, filter or decant, and mix with 30 ml of glacial acetic acid.
Nessler's reagent: Method a: Dissolve 10 g of potassium iodide in 10 ml of ammonia-free water, adding saturated mercuric chloride solution (60 g / litre) in small quantities at a time with shaking, until a slight permanent precipitate is formed, then adding 80 ml of 9 M sodium hydroxide solution and diluting to 200 ml. Allow to stand
Nessler's reagent: Method b: Nesslers reagent has been described as a solution which is about 0.09 M in potassium mercuri-iodide and 2.5 M in potassium hydroxide.
Nessler's reagent: Method c:An alternative method is to dissolve 23 g of mercuric iodide and 16 g of potassium iodide in ammonia-free water and make up the volume to 100 ml; add 100 ml of 6 M sodium hydroxide. Allow to stand for 24 h and decant the solution from any precipitate that may have formed, the solution should be kept in the dark.
Nessler's reagent: Method d:Another method that reacts promptly and consistantly is to dissolve 143 g of sodium hydroxide in 700 ml water. Disolve 50 g of red mercuric iodide and 40 g of potassium iodide in 200 ml water. Pour the iodide solution into the hydroxide solution, and dilute with water to 1 liter. Allow to settle, and use the supernatant liquid.
Ninhydrin: A 0.2 % solution of ninhydrin (triketohydrindene hydrate, C9H4O3.H2O) in water. Prepare fresh.
Nitron reagent : Dissolve 5 g nitron in 5 ml acetic acid and make up to 100 ml with water.
a-Nitroso-b-naphthol: Dissolve 10 g in 100 ml of either 1:1 acetic acid , ethyl alcohol or acetone.
Nitroso-R-salt: sodium 1-nitroso-2-hydroxynaphthalene-3:6-disulphate
Dissolve 1 g in 100 ml water.

O
1,10-phenanthroline: Dissolve 0.1 g of the monohydrate in 100 ml water.
Orthophenanthroline: Dissolve 0.15 g orthophenanthroline (C12H8N2.H2O) in 10 ml solution of ferrous sulphate, prepared by dissolving 1.48 g of ferrous sulphate in 100 ml water. The ferrous sulphate solution must be prepared immediately before dissolving the orthophenanthroline.

P
Phosphomolybdic acid: Dissolve 5 g in water, filter and dilute to 100 ml.
Picric acid: Dissolve the equivalent of 1 g of anhydrous trinitrophenol in 100 ml of hot water. Cool, and filter if necessary.
Potassium cyanide: Dissolve 10 g of KCN in sufficient water to make 20 ml. Dilute to 100 ml. Shake with dithizone solution to remove lead.
Pyrogallol : 1:3:5-trihydroxybenzene

Q
Quimociac reagent: Dissolve 70 g of sodium molybdate (Na2MoO42H2O) in 150 ml water (Solution A). Dissolve 60 g of acetic acid in a mixture of 85 ml nitric acid and 150 ml of water and cool (Solution B). Gradually add Solution A to Solution B, with stirring, to produce Solution C. Dissolve 5 g of synthetic quinoline in a mixture of 35 ml nitric acid and 100 ml water (Solution D). Gradually add Solution D to Solution C, mix well, and allow to stand overnight. Filter the mixture, add 280 ml of acetone to the filtrate, dilute to 1 liter with water, and mix. Store in polythene bottle (Caution: Flammable).
Quinaldic acid: Neutralize 1 g of the acid with NaOH and dilute to 100 ml
Quinalizarin reagent: Dissolve 0.02 g in 100 ml ethanol, or dissolve 0.05 g in 100 ml of 0.01 M sodium hydroxide.

R
Rhodamine B : Dissolve 0.01 g in 100 ml water, or dissolve 0.05 g rhodamine B and 15g KCl in a solution of 15 ml conc. HCl and 85 ml water
Rubeanic acid = (dithio-oxamide): 0.05 % in ethanol., a saturated ethanolic solution.

S
Salicylaldehyde: A 20 % solution in ethanol.
Schiffs reagent: Method 1: Dissolve 0.2 g of pure p rosaniline hydrochloride in 20 ml of a cold, freshly prepared, saturated aqueous solution of sulphur dioxide; allow the solution to stand for a few hours until it becomes colourless or pale yellow. Dilute the solution to 200 ml and keep it in a tightly stoppered bottle. The solution keeps well, and should not be exposed to light or air. Store in the dark.
Schiffs reagent: Method 2: Add 2 g of sodium bisulphite to a solution of 0.2 g of p-rosaniline hydrochloride and 2 ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid in 200 ml of water.
Silicotungstic acid : Dissolve 10 g of silicotungstic acid (Si02 x 12WO3 x 26H2O) in water and neutralize with 10 % sodium hydroxide (pH 6)
Silver ammonium nitrate: Dissolve 1 g of silver nitrate in 20 ml of water. Add ammonia dropwise, withconstant stirring, until the precipitation is almost but not entirely dissolved. Filter and store in dark container.
Silver diethyldithiocarbamate: Dissolve 1 g in 200 ml of freshly distilled pyridine.
Sodium azide: A 5 % solution of sodium azide in water.
Sodium borohydride: Dissolve 0.6 g sodium borohydride and 0.5 g of sodium hydroxide with stirring and dilute to 100 ml with water.
Sodium diethyldithiocarbamate: Dissolve 1 g in water and dilute to 1 liter.
Sodium cobaltinitrite solution; Method a: Dissolve 17 g of the pure salt in 250 of water.
Sodium cobaltinitrite solution; Method b Dissolve 7.5 g cobalt nitrate in 30 ml of water; dissolve 60 g of sodium nitrite in 30 ml of water, mix the two solutions with vigorous stirring and add 15 ml of glacial acetic acid, stir, dilute to 250 ml, allow to stand and filter. Make up new solution every 2 - 3 weeks.
Sodium ethoxide: Dissolve 10 g of sodium metal in 120 ml of ethanol using the following method: remove surplus oil from sodium with filter paper, dry again on filter paper, and cut the weighed metal into small pieces about the size of a pea. pour the ethanol into a 500 ml flask cooled on ice bath, and add one or two pieces at a time until dissolved.
Sodium hypochlorite solution: The commercial product contains about 10 - 14 % weight / volume of available chlorine. Dilute with an equal volume of water.
Sodium nitroprusside solution: Prepare a solution as required by dissolving a crystal in 5 ml of water.
Sodium rhodizonate reagent: Dissolve 0.5 g in 100 ml water
Starch solution ; Method a: Triturate 0.5 g of soluble starch with a little cold water into a thin paste and add 25 ml of boiling water. Boil until a clear solution is obtained (5 mins). This solution should be freshly prepared as required. Amore stable starch solution is obtained by adding 0.5 g of potassium iodide and 2 - 3 drops of chloroform.
Starch solution ; Method b: Mix 5.0 g of powdered sodium starch glycollate with 1 - 2 ml ethyl alcohol, add 100 ml of cold water and boil for a few minutes with stirring. This 5 % stock solution is stable for many months; it is diluted to 0.1 % strength when required for use.
Sulphanilic acid ; Dissolve 1 g in 100 ml of warm 30 % acetic acid

T
Tannic acid : Dissolve 1 g of tannic acid (tannin) in 1 ml ethanol, and add water to make 10 ml. Prepare fresh.
Tartrate solution, alkaline : Dissolve 34.6 g of sodium potassium tartrate (Rochelle's salt) and 10 g of sodium hydroxide in water, dilute to 100 ml, let stand for two days, and filter through glass wool.
Thiourea: 10 g in 100 ml of water (10 %)
Titan yellow = thiazole yellow, clayton yellow: Dissolve 1 g in 100 ml of water (1 %)
Titan yellow = thiazole yellow, clayton yellow: Dissolve 5 g in water, filter and dilute to 100 ml (5 %).
Titanium tetrachloride: Cool separately in small beakers surrounded by crushed ice 10 ml of 20 % hydrochloric acid and 10 ml of clear, colorless titanium tetrachloride. Add the tetrachloride dropwise to the chilled acid. Stand at ice temperature until all the solid disolves, then dilute to 1 liter with 20 % hydrochloric acid.
Tollens reagent: Add sodium hydroxide soln. to silver nitrate soln. to form a precipitation then add dilute ammonia soln. until precipit. dissolves.
Triton X-100: 20 % solution: dissolve 0.20 g of Triton-X-100 (polyethelene glycol ether of isooctylphenol) in water, and dilute to 100 ml.

U
Uranyl magnesium acetate: Make up an aqueous saturated solution of the salt.

X
Xylenol orange: Make up a 1 % solution in ethanol

Z
Zirconyl nitrate reagent, (for fluoride test): Dissolve 0.1 g of zirconyl nitrate in 20 ml concentrated hydrochloric acid and dilute with water to 100 ml.
Zirconyl nitrate reagent, (for phosphate separations): Heat 10 g of commercially pure zirconium nitrate and 100 ml of 1 M nitric acid to the boiling point with constant stirring. Leave to stand for about 24 h and decant the clear solution.
Zinc amalgam: Add about 10 g of granulated zinc to to 20 ml mercury, to produce a liquid amalgam on cooling, and heat to 150 degrees with stirringuntil the zinc is dissolved.
Zinc amalgated (Jones Reductor): The zinc is amalgated by immersing it in a solution of mercuric chloride in hydrochloric acid. A quantity of 250 g of 20 mesh zinc is covered with water in a 1 liter flask, and a solution of 11 g of mercuric chloride in 100 ml of hydrochloric acid is poured into the flask. The system is slowly mixed and shaken for about 2 minutes. The solution is poured off, and the amalgam is washed thoroughly with hot tap water, then distilled water.
Zinc uranyl acetate: Dissolve 10 g of uranyl acetate in 6 g of 30 % acetic acid, warming if necessary and dilute with water to 50 ml (solution A). In a separate vessel, stir 30 g of zinc acetate with 3 g of 30 % acetic acid and dilute with water to 50 ml (solution B). Mix the two solutions A and b, and add a small quantity of sodium chloride. Allow to stand for 24 h and filter from the precipitated sodium zinc uranyl acetate.
Alternatively, a reagent of equivalent concentration may be prepared by dissolving uranyl zinc acetate in the appropriate volume of water or 1 M acetic acid
Zwikker's reagent : Mix 1 ml of pyridine with 4 ml of a 10 % aqueous solution of copper sulphate and 5 ml of water.

I jeszcze garśc po polskiemu ;)

Roztwory różne:
0,5 N roztwór chlorowodorku hydroksyloaminy: Rozpuszcza się 8,75 g chlorowodorku hydroksyloaminy w 40 cm3 wody i uzupełnia do 250 cm3 metanolem.
Bromowa woda: Wytrząsa się chwilę 5 cm3 bromu oraz 100 cm3 wody, pozostały brom pozostawia się w wodzie (otrzymuje się ok. 3 % roztwór bromu w wodzie)
Cerowo – amoniowy azotan: Rozpuszcza się 40 g azotanu cerowo – amoniowego w 100 cm3 gorącego 2 N kwasu azotowego. Odczynnik jest używany do wykrywania alkoholi.
Chlorowa woda: Przepuszcza się gazowy chlor przez 100 cm3 zimnej wody, do momentu otrzymania nasyconego roztworu (otrzymuje się ok. 0,7 % stężenie roztworu).
Obojętny roztwór chlorku żelaza (III): Do 5 cm3 roztworu przygotowanego według przepisu powyższego dodaje się kroplami, mieszając, rozcieńczony roztwór wodorotlenku amonu do momentu pojawienia się zmętnienia, nie zanikającego po zamieszaniu, a następnie otrzymany roztwór sączy się.
Odczynnik Barfoeda: rozpuszcza się 6,5 g krystalicznego obojętnego octanu miedzi w 100 cm3 1 % roztworu kwasu octowego, przesączyć w razie potrzeby. Odczynnik jest umiarkowanie stabilny.
Odczynnik Bayera: 2 % wodny roztwór KMnO4.
Odczynnik Benedicta: Rozpuszcza się 86,5 g cytrynianu sodu i 50 g bezwodnego węglanu sodu w 350 cm3 wody. Następnie dodaje się roztwór 8,65 g pięciowodnego siarczanu miedzi (CuSO4 x 5 H2O) w 50 cm3 wody. Roztwory łączy się, miesza i uzupełnia do 500 cm3.
Odczynnik Biala: Rozpuszcza się 1,2 g orcyny (= orcynolu) w 400 cm3 stężonego kwasu solnego i dodaje 15 – 20 kropli 10 % wodnego roztworu chlorku żelaza (III).
Odczynnik Brady’ego: Rozpuszcza się 2 g 2,4-dinitrofenylohydrazyny w 4 cm3 stężonego kwasu siarkowego, a następnie dodaje 35 cm3 metanolu. Następnie do roztworu dodaje się 10 cm3 wody, pozostawia na 3 – 4 godziny i sączy.
Odczynnik Denige’a: Rozpuszcza się 5 g żółtego tlenku rtęci w gorącej mieszaninie 20 cm3 stężonego kwasu siarkowego i 100 cm3 wody. Roztwór sączy się i chłodzi.
Odczynnik Dragendroffa (Thresha): Rozpuszcza się 8 g azotanu bizmutu w 20 cm3 rozcieńczonego kwasu azotowego (1 część kwasu azotowego i 2 części wody), po czy dodaje się, mieszając, roztwór 27 g jodku potasu w 40 cm3 wody.
Odczynnik Erdmanna: Miesza się 10 cm3 stężonego kwasu siarkowego i 0,5 cm3 stężonego kwasu azotowego.
Odczynnik Fehlinga: Roztwór I: Rozpuszcza się 34,6 g krystalicznego siarczanu miedzi w niewielkiej ilości wody zawierającej kilka kropli rozcieńczonego kwasu siarkowego, po czym uzupełnia wodą do kreski. Roztwór II: Rozpuszcza się 173 g winianu sodowo – potasowego (sól Rochelle’a) i 70 g wodorotlenku sodu w niewielkiej ilości wody, po czym uzupełnia wodą do 500 cm3. Bezpośrednio przed użyciem miesza się równe objętości obu roztworów.
Odczynnik Frodhego: Rozpuszcza się 1 g molibdenianu sodu lub potasu w 100 cm3 stężonego kwasu siarkowego.
Odczynnik Lucasa: Rozpuszcza się, mieszając i chłodząc, 16 g bezwodnego chlorku cynku w 10 cm3 stężonego kwasu solnego.
Odczynnik Mayera: Rozpuszcza się 7 g chlorku rtęci i 25 g jodku potasu w 500 cm3 wody.
Odczynnik Millona: Rozpuszcza się 10 g rtęci w 10 cm3 stężonego kwasu azotowego i dodaje 20 cm3 wody.
Odczynnik Molisha: Rozpuszcza się 10 g alfa-naftolu w 100 cm3 etanolu.
Odczynnik Nesslera: Rozpuszcza się 5 g jodku potasu w jak najmniejszej ilości zimnej wody i dodaje nasycony roztwór chlorku rtęci do momentu pojawienia siue trwałego zmętnienia. Następnie dodaje się 40 cm3 50 % wodnego roztworu wodorotlenku potasu. Następnie dodaje się 100 cm3 wody, pozostawia całośc na noc, po czym sączy roztwór.
Odczynnik Nylandera: Rozpuszcza się 2 g zasadowego azotanu bizmutu i 4 g winianu sodowo – potasowego w 100 cm3 10 % roztworu wodorotlenku sodu.
Odczynnik Pinowa: Rozpuszcza się 4 g molibdenianu amonu w 100 cm3 wody.
Odczynnik Schiffa: Rozpuszcza się 0,5 g chlorowodorku rozaniliny (= fuksyny) w 250 cm3 gorącej wody, chłodzi i nasyca dwutlenkiem siarki. Roztwór powinien być bezbarwny lub lekko żółtawy. Uzupełnia się go wodą do 500 cm3.
Odczynnik Seliwanowa: Rozpuszcza się 50 mg rezorcynolu (= rezorcyny) w 100 cm3 4 N kwasu solnego.
Odczynnik Tollensa: Rozpuszcza się 5 g azotanu srebra w 100 cm3 wody. Bezpośrednio przed reakcją dodaję się kroplami 5 % roztwór wodorotlenku sodu do momentu pojawienia się zmętnienia. Następnie dodaje się kroplami rozcieńczony wodorotlenek amonu do momentu zaniku zmętnienia.
Roztwór bezwodnika kwasu chromowego: Do roztworu 20 g bezwodnika kwasu chromowego w 20 cm3 stężonego kwasu siarkowego dodaje się, mieszając i chłodząc, 60 cm3 wody.
Roztwór chlorku niklu i aldehydu 5-nitrosalicylowego: Rozpuszcza się, mieszając, 0,5 g aldehydu 5-nitrosalicylowego w mieszaninie 15 cm3 trietanoloaminy wolnej od etanoloaminy i 25 cm3 wody. Dodaje się następnie roztwór 0,5 g krystalicznego chlorku niklu w 5 cm3 wody i otrzymany roztwór uzupełnia się woda do 100 cm3.
Roztwór chlorku niklu w dwusiarczku węgla: Rozpuszcza się 0,5 g krystalicznego chlorku niklu w 100 cm3 wody. Otrzymany roztwor nasyca się dwusiarczkiem węgla, dodając go, mieszając, po jednej kropli. Dodawanie kończy się w momencie pojawienia się pierwszych kropel (kulek) nierozpuszczonego dwusiarczku węgla.
Roztwór chlorku żelaza (III): Rozpuszcza się uwodniony chlorek żelaza (III) w mieszaninie 500 cm3 wody i 20 cm3 stężonego kwasu solnego, po czym uzupełnia wodą do 1000 cm3.
Roztwór jodku sodu w acetonie: Rozpuszcza się 15 g jodku sodu w 100 cm3 wody.
Roztwór jodu w jodku potasu: Rozpuszcza się 10 g jodku potasu oraz 5 g jodu w 50 cm3 wody.
Roztwór lakmusu czerwony: Rozpuszcza się 1 g lakmusu w 100 cm3 wody i dodaje kilka kropli rozcieńczonego kwasu solnego.
Roztwór lakmusu niebieski: Rozpuszcza się 1 g lakmusu w 100 cm3 wody.
Roztwór miedzi i benzydyny: Rozpuszcza się 0,5 g benzydyny w 100 cm3 5 % wodnego roztworu kwasu octowego i dodaje 100 cm3 0,2 N roztworu octanu miedzi. Odczynnik przechowuje się w butelce z ciemnego szkła. Po ok. 15 dniach może nastąpić ciemnienie roztworu, ale nie wpływa to na jego jakość.
Roztwór ninhydryny: Rozpuszcza się 0,2 g ninhydryny w 100 cm3 etanolu rektyfikowanego.
Roztwór nitroprusydku sodu: Rozpuszcza się 0,1 g nitroprusydku sodu w 20 cm3 wody. W miarę przechowywania odczynnik rozkłada się i staje się zielony.
Roztwór skrobi: Zawiesza się 2 g skrobi w 10 cm3 wody i wlewa do 90 cm3 gorącej wody, mieszając, a następnie ogrzewa do wrzenia chwilę, celem otrzymania klarownego roztworu i chłodzi.
Roztwór żelazicyjanku żelaza: Rozpuszcza się 0,1 g chlorku żelaza i 0,12 g żelazicyjanku potasu w 125 cm3 wody.
Zmodyfikowany roztwór nitroprusydku sodu: Rozpuszcza się 1,95 g nitroprusydku sodu w mieszaninie 40 cm3 dimetylosulfotlenku i 10 cm3 wody. Odczynnik powinien być przechowywany w lodówce.

Roztwory wskaźników:
Błękit bromofenolowy: Rozpuszcza się 0,2 g błękitu bromofenolowego w 100 cm3 alkoholu rektyfikowanego.
Błękit metylenowy: Rozpuszcza się 0,1 g błękitu metylenowego w 50 cm3 wody.
Czerwień metylowa: Rozpuszcza się 0,1 g czerwieni metylowej w 100 cm3 alkoholu rektyfikowanego.
Difenyloamina: Rozpuszcza się 5 g difenyloaminy w 50 cm3 stężonego kwasu siarkowego.
Fenoloftaleina: Rozpuszcza się 1 g fenoloftaleiny w 100 cm3 alkoholu rektyfikowanego.
Oranż metylowy: Rozpuszcza się 0,1 g oranżu metylenowego w 100 cm3 wody.

Roztwory do analizy org i nieorg

Archiwum

Moje najwiÄksze skarby i opowieĹci prosto z mojego

Moje najwiÄksze skarby i opowieĹci prosto z mojego